Fi-da-wu ( ฝีดาวู
) was not the sailor:
Rediscovery of the Traces of Portuguese Words in the Diary of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon (KosaPān),
Siamese Ambassador to France June – July 1686.
Bidya
SRIWATTANASARN
Faculty of Arts and Sciences,
Dhurakij Pundit University, Bangkok;
Thailand.
บทความนี้เสนอเมื่อ25กุมภาพันธ์ 2556 ในที่ประชุมสัมมนาวิชาการนานาชาติ เรื่อง
“ Education, Language,
Society, Science and Engineering in ASEAN and its neighbors” (
23-28 กุมภาพันธ์ 2556) ณ นคร คุนหมิง ประเทศสาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีน
ภายใต้ความร่วมมือของ Kunming University (People’s Republic of China) , Dali University
(People’s Republic of China), National
Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism (Taiwan R.O.C), Mean Chay
University (Cambodia)
Abstract
The
Portuguese expansion has resulted it’s
language remaining in Asia at various styles, even the word “ Jesus(ye-sus) - 耶稣 (ye-su) ” in Chinese.
Relations between Siam and Portugal since 1511 have caused the Portuguese and their descendants settle in Siam continuity. They also have their religious practices done in their own
churches. In the Ayutthaya period, not
only working for the Siamese royal court in prominent
positions, but also made their living
in Thai society rather peacefully and harmoniously. As the first Europeans in
Siam, the Portuguese language had been
used as the “lingua-franca” not less than three centuries. It caused the Portuguese words remained
mysteriously in Thai archives too,
especially; in the diary of Ok Phra Wisut Sunthon aka KosaPān, a
Siamese ambassador of King
Narai to France in the reign of Luis
XIV, as the case study. Although the document had been published many times since 1984, however,
the researcher rediscovered that some scholars not only ignored the
existence of the Portuguese words,
but also, they even has their explanations in
rather definite error. . For example, the word “fi-da-wu”
in the diary was translated by the paleographer as the position of naval officer, crew
and sailor. Later, more than a decade, a group of senior scholars
still reconfirmed it with the same definition. In fact,
with a few more careful,
the researcher has been proved that , the
“fi-da-wu” was the position of the
nobleman with at least 3 categories such as
one who commanded the marines in the ship, the one who commanded soldiers
in the fort and the one
who controlled the storehouse for
the city.
Keywords: Portuguese
words, Siam,fidalgo, fi-da-wu, sailor, Protuget, Kosa Pān, Ok-Phra Wisut Suntorn,
King Louis XIV
Objectives
There are two main objectives of the research.
Firstly, to prove that the word “fi-da-wu” in the diary of Ok-Phra Wisut
Sunthon was not just a naval officer or
a sailor. Secondary, to find out that how many Portuguese words had been used
by Ok- Phra Wisut Sunthon, the prominent
Siamese nobleman in the Ayutthaya
period.
Methodology and Process
The researcher used historical methods
as being the research instrument, such a
examining, analyzing comparing and describing foreign languages in the dairy
of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon (Kosa Pān),
both in Thai and English, to find out how many Portuguese words and
pronunciations has been remained in his
diary.
Findings
In addition to discovering that the “fi-da-wu”
was not only a sailor, the researcher also found that there
were at least 25 Portuguese words and/ or pronunciations remained mysteriously in the diary of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon, in 5
pattern of usages.
Introduction
Manuel Teixeira, in “The Portuguese Missions in Malacca and
Singapore,1511-1958” [1] indicates that there are
at least 6 Portuguese (Pt.) words remaining
in Thailand and Cambodia, such as the word “sabão” (Pt.) that is
equal to the soap in English, the word “carta” or “cartaz” (Pt.) are equal to the paper in English, the word “chapinha” (Pt. ) is refer to the small waist straps
for covering children sexual organs, the word “garça” (Pt.) is the heron or long-legged
fresh water and coastal birds in the family of Ardeidae, the word “leilão” (Pt.) mentions to an auction and the word “real” (Pt.) is referred to one of
the ancient currency unit using in Southeast Asia during 16-19 centuries which are still
using in Cambodian and Thai languages. Study
of Sumalee Wirawongsa in “Notes on the loanword of Thai
and Portuguese (ข้อสังเกตว่าด้วยคำยืมไทย-โปรตุเกส), the seminary
proceeding for the conference of relations between Ayutthaya and Portugal(July
26-28, 2006), give more details that Thai received some Portuguese words into the ways of life such as the words
cônsul ( consul ), padre (father/ priest), pinto(for
small food container), pão (bread), missão (mission) and café (coffee).
In
1998, in other area of his research, “The Portuguese Community During the Ayutthaya
period,1516-1767”,not only Bidya Sriwattanasarn proposed that
there were a group of Portuguese words in
the contract of 1616 between Siam and
Portugal, in the reign of King Songtham (1611-1631), according to
his analysis, he also demonstrated the way of pronunciation from the
Portuguese to Thai explicitly such as
the word “Tong-fi-leep/ ทองฝีหลีป” in
Thai was the name of “Dom Filip”,
King of Portugal. Some words was
developed into the Thai style as the word “Phra-ya Pa-ra-tu-gal(พระยาปร-ตุ-กัน” which was equal to “the lord/ king of Portugal and the
word “Phra:-ya:-wij-rei-ha:(พระ-ยา-วิขขะ-เร-หะ)”
could be compared to the word “viso rei” or viceroy in English. Harmoniously, Siamese aristocracy of King Songtham left the
word “Bat-tri-pare-paran-si-sa-gu-ta-nu-si-ya-sang/
บา-ตรี-ผเร-ผรัน-สี-ศกุ-อนุ-สี-ยา-สัง”
matching with the Portuguese words “Padre Frei Francisco Anunciação”
and the words “ca-pi-tan-mola-wei-ra-ri-bein/ กะปิตันมลเวรรีเบน” was
also derived from the words
“Capitão-mor Christovam Rebelo (Captain Christopher Rebelo)”[2].
Their existences in the Thai archive, supported the reliability of the record of François Timoléon, abbé de Choisy (Journal Du Voyage De Siam ) who said that all Thai ministers could speak Portuguese fluently.
Apart
from the upper document, there were also some Portuguese words settled quietly
in a diary of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon (Kosa Pān), the Siamese Ambassador to
France June – July 1686. Notwithstanding,
most historians believed that they had been developed from French. Furthermore, it is disappointingly that there
still no prior obvious description to inform us on how flourishing of the Portuguese language
usages in the community of the Siamese elites who worked for department of the harbor under the
commanding of the Phra Klang; aka the
Barcalon, Siamese minister of foreign
affair.
The journey of Ok-Phra Wisut
Sunthon to France
The purpose of the journey of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthorn was to
continue relations between France
and Siam. The mission departed from Siam in December 1685 with the returning of French embassy(Chevalier de Chaumant). The
Siamese embassy composed with Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon (Kosa Pān) as an ambassador
(ราชทูต-Rachathut),
Ok-luang Kanlaya Ratchamaitri as second ambassador ( อุปทูต-Uppathut)
, and Ok-khun Siwisan Wacha as third ambassador (ตรีทูต-Trithut).
They arrived in Brest on June 18, 1686.[3]
The
journey of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon had been narrated extensively in the work of Jean Donneau de Vize (1686).
It was translated into Thai by F. Hilaire[4] and
published in the chronicle annals vol. 57-60
(ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่57-60)
later. Unluckily, this great book
referred to the contemporary atmosphere during the stay at Brest of Ok-Phra
Wisut Sunthon rather briefly.
Fortunately,
in 1984, M.L. Manich Jumsai, prominent Thai historian and member of the Royal
Institute discovered the manuscript of diary of Ok-Phra Visut Sunthon at the Archives Office of Foreign Mission of Paris. The first
disclosure of its photo copies to the public took place in the 12st National books Fair as “ The Real Draft
of Kosa Pān’s Report
that left in France”. Then, M.L.
Manich managed to send the copy to the
paleographer of the Fine Art Department to be studied. Later, it was
published in the journal of Fine Art in January, 1985.[5]Later,
with the kindness of the French government, its copies had been officially
granted to the Thai government in 1986. The second publishing had been done in
the book “The Siamese Embassy of the Sun King
: The personal Memorials of Kosa Pān”,
Bangkok, Duang Kamol, 1990. At the third time, The journal of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon was republished in the “Diary of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon (KosaPān),
Siamese Ambassador to France June – July 1686”
by Dirk van Der Cruysse, Visudh Busyakul and Michael Smithies. Now, it could be comfortably approached in
the website of Sirindhorn Anthropology Center. [6]
Fi-da-wu (ฝีดาวู): the
most strange French position in the
archive of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon
The
Siamese embassy debarked at Brest on June
16, 1686. They lodged there for 13 days.[7]It is
obvious that Ok-Phra Visut Sunthon also wrote
his diary during the stay in Brest too. In the eyes of historians, this
wonderful diary could be used as the most precious instrument to fulfill the
work of de Vize[8] as well. For, as the contemporary archive, the beginning of de Vize’s work
had just composed with the
praising of goodness, intelligence and amenities of the Siamese ambassador. On
the other hand, his own record has revealed many events in Brest concerned to
himself and his mission quite plentiful.
During
his stay in Brest, Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon had a warm welcome
with honors. Each day, there were royal
servants, noblemen, and French citizen,
both males and females warmly came to pay him a
visit, such as ministers and
wives, governors, “fi-da-wu” and wives,
deputy of captains, captains and
daughters, high ranking abbots, senior medicine doctors and including both junior and senior officials from nearby the city. And for the reason that many parts insider mentioned to such a freakish position of the
“fi-da-wu”, it significantly inspired the author to conduct
the research. For example, in lines 1-7 of the first page (1st folio) as
below,
“…at
noon[9] on Thursday, the first day of the waxing moon
of the eight month[10], a se-na-bo-di
(minister) for soldier commanding and a fi-da-wu came to pay me a visit
on the ship. We had a conservation together as befitted the occasion. And at exactly noon Mu-su[11]
Ra-vi-ton and Mu-su Sabro[12],
assistant to the caption of the ship, came up and asked these visitors to join
us for lunch. After lunch, the same assistant informed me that wives of 7 fi-da-wu(es) had come to give me greetings…”[13]
The
word fi-da-wu and the context concerning
to it, appeared many places in
the diary, such as in the folio 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 14, 27, 28, 29,
33, 34, 35, 46, 47, 60, 61, 62 and 64.
At least
2 times Kongkaew Weeraprajuck(1985), a
prominent Thai paleographer has defied
the word “fi-da-wu” as uncertainly as below:
“
It could be a kind of officer who works in a ship or who is the ship’s crew or
a sailor.”[14]
15 years later, she still reiterated
the upper word with the same definition
in the “Transcription of the
letters of Kosa Pān” published in the Silpakorn Magazine in 2010[15], without
reviewing.
Fortunately,
Derk Van Der Cruysse and others
(2002), in their work, they stated that some words were the Portuguese vocabularies[16], for example, they proposed that the word “fi-da-wu” had developed into
Thai from the Portuguese “fidalgo”; the
indication of status of the nobleman.
Yet, they dared not to interpret
it away from the former Thai paleographer, as a description in one of
his footnotes,
“
Fi-da-wu. From Port., fidalgo. The meaning is not clear. From the context, it
may mean ‘a man in the naval, a naval officer.’ The naval officers were all
held to be the nobility” [17]
The
fi-da-wu was not just a
sailor or naval officer.
With
due respect to the work of both Kongkaew and Dirk Van Der Cruysse and
others, the author does not agree with such as former dim terming, and thankfully for the acceptable
identifying of the latter.
In
the context of the diary, Ok- Phra Wisut Sunthon often narrated the position of
the fi-da-wu amongst the most important
or rather important noblemen and citizen of Brest, for example, a minister and
a fi-da-wu[18] :
the governor, the minister and the fi-da-wu[19] :
officials and the fi-da-wu[20]
senior and junior officials, a captain of the ship and the fi-da-wu[21]:
the fi-da-wu and citizen[22]:
the captain of the ship and 5 fi-da-wu(es)[23]:
the governor, senior medicine doctor and 4 fi-da-wu(es)[24] :
the captain of the ship and the fi-da-wu[25]:
the captain of the ship and his assistant
official and fi-da-wu[26]:
captain of the fort and the fi-da-wu[27]:
captain of the fort, officer and fi-da-wu[28] and
governor & his assistant and fi-da-wu[29].
And after being consult, the author has
accepts the opinion of his Portuguese connection, Dr.
Miguel Castelo Branco[30], an expert in the field of relations between
Thailand and Portugal in the Bangkok Period,
who proposes that:
“Fidau
/or FIDALGO means nobleman (in Portuguese ancient society,
means someone with a family name and some privileges given or confirmed by the King). Etymologically, FIDALGO comes from Filho de
Alguém (son of someone) and here someone means a person
with name.”[31]:
With a
few more
careful in reading the diary, the
researcher had proved that , the
“fi-da-wu” was the position of the nobleman with at least 3
categories such as one who commanded the
marines[32] in
the ship, the one who commanded soldiers in
the fort[33]
and the one who controlled the storehouse[34] for
the city.
Instead of using the word “noblesse (means-noble in English)”
in French, Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon selected
the Portuguese word “fidalgo” in place.
Perhaps, It might reflected that
he himself and other people were rather familiar with the Portuguese word “fi-da-wu” in calling European nobleman, as same as
the ordinary words like a “hello”,
“taxi”,
“o.k.”, “Thank you”, “Happy new year”, “TV”,
“Motorcycle”, “pump”, “ gas” , etc., that were used to many kinds
of people in Thailand at the present
day.
Traces of the
richness of the Portuguese
words in the diary: reflection of knowledge the Portuguese
language
of Siamese nobleman
Although,
only in the diary, the researcher could rediscover that there were at least 25 Portuguese
words and/ or pronunciations remained mysteriously in 5 patterns of usages. The 1st category was a
group of words which was developed from the original Portuguese words, the 2nd category derived from the
Portuguese words directly, the 3rd
category was a French word
relates to the Portuguese
pronunciation , the 4th category was the mixing words and pronunciations between French and
Portuguese and the 5th category covered the words
that could be pronounced similar to both languages, as demonstrating in the tables below:
Table
1: Example of the first category, developing from the Portuguese words.
Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon
|
Portuguese words
|
definitions
|
1.Fi-da-wu (ฝี-ดา-วู)
[F.1-2-512-13-14-27-28-29-33-34-35-46-47-60]
|
Fidalgo (fi-dal-gu)
|
status of ancient Portuguese noblemen
|
2.Ba-tri (บา-ตรี)
[F.1]
|
Padre (pa-drə)
|
Father/ priest
|
3.Ba-tri-sam-poa-lo
(บา-ตรี-สำ-ปาว-โล)
[F.2-15-41-42-58-60]
|
Padre são pãolo(pad-dre-sang-pao-lo)
|
Priest of the order of Jesuit
|
4.Cap-pi-tan
[F.1-60-62]
|
Capitão(ca-pi-taw)
|
a captain
|
5.Me-si-mor-pu-yai
(เม-ศรี-หมอผู้ใหญ่)
[p.6-28]
|
Medicina
médico
(mé-[di]-si-[na])
|
senior medical doctor
|
6.Pa-tu-gan (ป-ตุ-กัน)
[F.33-34]
|
Portugal(pur-tu-gal/ por-tu-gal)
|
Kingdom of Portugal
(The Republic of Portugal)
|
7.Ing-bas-cro(อิง-บาศ-โคร)
[F.6-7-8-9-14-15]
|
Embaixador (ing-bai-sa-dor)
|
Ambassador = Ambassadeur (Fr.
ong-bas-sa-der)
|
|
[F.8]
Ing-bas-dro(อิง-บาศ-โดร)
[F.61]
|
Embaixador (ing-bai-sa-dor)
|
Ambassadeur (Fr.
ong-bas-sa-der)
|
Table2:
Example of the second category, derived from the Portuguese words and
imitating its pronunciation directly
Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon
|
Portuguese words
|
definitions
|
9.Sua-es-len-sia
(ซัว-เอส-เลน-เซีย)
[F.15]
|
sua excelência (singular
noun)
|
His Excellency(E.), son Excellence(Fr.)
|
10.Saw(a)-es-len-sia
(ซาว-เอส-เลน-เซีย)
[F.16]
|
são excelências (plural noun)
|
Their Excellencies (E.),
|
11.Pang (ปัง)
[F.21-24-26-31-40-41-47]
|
Pão (pang)
|
bread
|
12.Bis-pu(บิสปู)
[p.42]
|
Bispu(bis-po)
|
bishop
|
13.Ca-rā-me-li-ta(กา-รา-เม-ลิ-ตา)
[F.2]
|
Carmelita(ga-ra-me-li-ta)
|
Carmélite(ga-ra-me-litə)
= one sect of the Roman Catholic Church
|
14.Fran-ced(ฝรั่ง-เศด)
[F.6-20-18-26-33-43-44-51-55]
|
Francés(Fran-cés)
|
Français
(Frong-se)
|
15.is-pā-nhā(อีส-ปา-ญะ)
[F.6]
|
Espanha (is-pan-ha)
|
Espagne(is-pānh)
|
Table3:
Example of the third category, French words relates to the Portuguese pronunciation
Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon
|
French words
|
Portuguese pronunciation
|
16.Brest(แบรสท์- bræst)
[F.2-28-31-32-42-53-55-61-63-64-66]
|
Brest(brest)
|
Brest(bræst)
|
17.Ga-deed(กา-ดีด)
[F.30-43-44]
|
Gadis (ga-di)
|
Gadis (ga-disə) = the town’s
name in France
|
18.Pa-ris(ปา-รีส)
[F.54-61-62-63-64]
|
Paris (Pa-ri)
|
Paris(Pa-ris) =the capital city
of France
|
|
[F.18-42]
|
France(frongs)
|
France(frungs)
|
Table4:
Example of the forth category, the word mixing with French
and Portuguese pronunciation
Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon
|
Portuguese pronunciation
|
French pronunciation
|
20.Ba-tri-Wa-sed
(บา-ตรี-วา-เสด)
[F.20-43-51-52-53-56-60-62-66]
|
Padre Vachet
(pa-drə Va-chət)
|
Père Vachet
(pære Va-che) = Father Vachez, an interpreter for the Siamese Embassy.
|
21.Mu-su-ma-yid-trad
(มู-สู-มา-ยีด-ตรัด)
[F.60]
|
Magistrado
(ma-gis-tra-do)
|
Monsieur Magistrat
(mu-su ma-gis-tra) =calling
this kind of official’s position with honored.
|
22.(sam-ma-nen-) An-ton (สาม-มะ-เนน-อัน-ตน)
[F.25]
|
António(an-tor-ni-u)
|
Antoine(ung-tuan)
= Antione the
novice.
|
Table5:
Example of the fifth category, a group
of words that could be pronounced as similar as both languages
Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon
|
Portuguese pronunciation
|
French words
|
23.Su-pe (สุ-เป)
[p.26]
|
soup(su-pi)
|
Soupe (su-pə) = a kind of soup.
|
24.Su-po (สุ-โป)
[p.51]
|
Soup(su-pi)
|
Soupe (su-pə)= a kind of soup.
|
25.Sor-mung(สอ-มุง)
[p.
51]
|
salmon(sal-mung)
|
Saumon(so-mong)= a kind of
salmon fish.
|
Conclusion
The relationship between Siam (Thailand)
and Portugal has been continued for 5 centuries since 1511. The Portuguese
language was a communicative media (the lingua-franca) in Siam and other Asian
countries for nearly 350 years, from the
first contract between Siam and Portugal in 1516 to the
successful year of the British influences by the contract of
Bowring in 1855. Significantly, it forced the government of Siam to recognize
the importance of English language instead of the Portuguese. After that it was not widely used again.
After analyzing the diary of Ok-Phra
Wisut Sunthon to find out the traces of
Portuguese language using in day life of Siamese, the researcher had rediscovered
that , there were at least 25 words and
pronunciations in Portuguese style. Though
only in the mentioning diary, it may indicated
that the Portuguese language might have been used in rather broader scale in
the royal court of Siam, through the nobleman in the department of harbor,
translators, Portuguese and French priests and
officers of the royal court and the department of harbor. This could be also
reiterated with the information in the
record of the Abbé Themolion de Choisy, who proudly cried more than 3 times with the Portuguese
word “basta! ” to junior officials of the Siamese court to prevent them adding over royal tributes to be brought back to France.
Besides, the development process of the Portuguese words in the context of Thai
society, was quite similar that of the word “fidalgo” that became the “fi-da-wu/
ฝี-ดา-วู” in Thai language. From this evidence, it could be pointed out that, Ok- Phra Wisut Sunthon, the owner of the
diary also used the original Portuguese words in the journal directly with his own right perception
in the other kinds of word , for example,
the words “sua excelência”
(singular)
and “são excelência” (plural). It could be
also indicated that he may have had a profound
knowledge of Portuguese grammar,
too. Finally, the researcher
believes that there are still many Portuguese words in Thai archives waiting
for further investigation.
References
1.Chronicle
annals vol.57
2.Dirk Van Der Cruysse and others, The Diary of Kosa Pān (Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon),
Thai Ambassador to France, June-July
1686. Chiang Mai : Silkworm Books, 2002
3.Kongkaew Weeraprachuck, “Diary of Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon, Thai Ambassador
to France in the Ayutthaya Peroid - บันทึกรายวันของออกพระวิสุทธสุนทร(โกษาปาน), Silpakorn Magazine , Volume 28, issue 6, 1985
4.Kongkaew Weeraprachuck, “Transcription
of the letters of Kosa Pān -คำถอดถ่ายจดหมายโกษาปาน” . Silpakorn Magazine . Volume
54 , issue 4, July-August, 2010
5.Manuel Teixeira, The
Portuguese Missions in Malacca and Singapore,1511-1958, Volme III – Singapore,
1987
6.Michael Smithies, “Siamese
Mandarins on the Grand Tour, 1688-1690” , Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 86,
Parts I & 2
7.Personal
letter between the author and Dr. Migel Castelo Branco , June 7, 2012
8.Sumalee
Wirawongsa in “Notes on the loanword of Thai and
Portuguese (ข้อสังเกตว่าด้วยคำยืมไทย-โปรตุเกส), the
seminary proceeding for the conference
of relations between Ayutthaya and
Portugal, July 26-28, 2006
9.http://www.sac.or.th
[1]Manuel Teixeira, The Portuguese Missions in Malacca and
Singapore,1511-1958Volme III – Singapore, 1987,
pp.485-486
[2]Captain
Christopher Rebelo was a leader of the Portuguese village in
Siam. He also accompanied the Siamese mission to Goa, Estado da India of
Portugal. For more details in Thai see
Bidya Sriwattanasarn in
http://siamportuguesestudy.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_8917.html
[3]Michael
Smithies, “Siamese Mandarins on the Grand Tour, 1688-1690” , Journal of the
Siam Society, Vol. 86, Parts I & 2, p.108
[5] Silpakorn
Magazine, volume28, issue 6
[6]http://www.sac.or.th
[7]chronicle
annals vol.57p.21
[9] Since the diary mentioned the time “at noon-เพลาเที่ยง” for 2 times, it caused Visudh
Busyakul, had translated the first one
as “before noon” and the second one as
“at noon”. Dirk van Der Cruysse and others , ibid., p.31
[10] An ancient Thai eight month was
in July.
[11] This word (mu-su) was developed from the word monsieur in
French. Michael Smithies proposed that
this one was Monsieur Raviton. Dirk Van Der Cruysse and others, The Diary of Kosa Pān (Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon),
Thai Ambassador to France, June-July
1686. (Chiang Mai : Silkworm Books,
2002), p.31
[12] Monsieur Chamareau , Dirke Van
Der Cruysse and others, p.31
[13] Kongkaew Weeraprachuck1, “Diary of
Ok-Phra Wisut Sunthon, Thai Ambassador to France in the Ayutthaya Peroid -
บันทึกรายวันของออกพระวิสุทธสุนทร(โกษาปาน),
Silpakorn Magazine , Volume 28, issue 6, 1985, p.31
[14] Konkeaw Weeraprachuck, ibid., p.142
[15] Kongkaew Weeraprachuck2, “Transcription of the letters of Kosa Pān -คำถอดถ่ายจดหมายโกษาปาน” . Silpakorn Magazine . Volume 54 , issue 4,
July-August, 2010, pp.27-145
[16]Dirke Van Der Cruysse and others,
op.cit. p. 31
[17] Dirke van Der Cruysse and
others, p.31
[31] Personal letter between the author
and Dr. Migel Castelo Branco (June 7, 2012)
[35] As in Kongkaew, op.cit.p.143, this was
developed from the French word “ambassadeur)
[36] Although
she was right in the page 39, Kongkaew had
a little wrong transcription in the page 55 of her work, as “ฝร้าษ- Fraz” instead of “ฝรังซ์” , perhaps she might
see the alphabet “ง-ng” as the “แ-æ vowel”, see Kongkaew
Weeraprachuck1, op.cit., p.55
